False Friends in Spanish and English

Learning Spanish vocabulary can seem so easy: Constitucià ³n means constitution, nacià ³n means nation, and decepcià ³n means deception, right? Not quite. True, most words that end in -cià ³n can be translated into English by changing the suffix to -tion. And the pattern holds true for the first two words listed above (although constitucià ³n refers to how something is constituted more often than does the English word, which usually refers to a political document). But una decepcià ³n is a disappointment, not a deception. Cognates in Spanish to English Spanish and English have literally thousands of cognates, words that are basically the same in both languages, having the same etymology and similar meanings. But combinations such as decepcià ³n and deception are so-called false cognates — known more precisely as false friends or falsos amigos — word pairs that look like they might mean the same thing but dont. They can be confusing, and if you make the mistake of using them in speech or writing youre likely to be misunderstood. Following is a list of some of the most common false friends — some of the ones youre mostly likely to come across when reading or listening to Spanish: Actual: This adjective (or its corresponding adverb, actualmente) indicates that something is current, at the present time. Thus the days hot topic might be referred to as un tema actual. If you wish to say something is actual (as opposed to imaginary), use real (which also can mean royal) or verdadero.Asistir: Means to attend or to be present. Asisto a la oficina cada dà ­a, I go to the office daily. To say to assist, use ayudar, to help.Atender: Means to serve or to take care of, to attend to. If youre talking about attending a meeting or a class, use asistir.Basamento: You wont run across this word often, but its the base of a column, sometimes called a plinth. If you want to visit a basement, go down to el sà ³tano.Billà ³n: 1,000,000,000,000. That number is the same as a trillion in American English but a billion in traditional British English. (Modern British English conforms with U.S. English, however.)Bizarro: Somebodys whos this way is brave, not necessarily strange. The English word bizarre is conveyed better by extraà ±o or estrafalario.Boda: If you go to a wedding or wedding reception, this is what youre going to. A body (as of a person or animal) is most often cuerpo or tronco.Campo: Means a field or the country (in the sense of living in the country, not the city). If youre going camping, youll probably be staying at a campamento or even a camping.Carpeta: Although this can refer to a type of table cover, it doesnt have anything to do with carpets. It most often means a file folder (including the virtual kind) or a briefcase. Carpet is most often alfombra.Complexià ³n: This refers not to your skin, but to ones physiological build (a well-built man is un hombre de complexià ³n fuerte). To speak of skin complexion, use tez or cutis.Compromiso: Meaning a promise, obligation, or commitment, it does not usually convey the sense that one has given up something to reach an agreement. There is no good noun equivalent of compromise that would be unde rstood that way out of context, although the verb transigir conveys the sense of giving in to, yielding to, or tolerating another person.Constiparse, constipacià ³n: In verb form, it means to catch a cold, while una constipacià ³n is one of the words that means a cold. Someone who is constipated is estreà ±ido.Contestar: Its a very common verb meaning to answer. To contest something, use contender.Corresponder: Yes, it does mean to correspond, but only in the sense of to match. If youre talking about corresponding with someone, use a form of escribir con or mantener correspondencia.Decepcià ³n, decepcionar: Means disappointment or to disappoint. To deceive someone is to engaà ±ar a alguià ©n. Something deceptive is engaà ±oso.Delito: Theres seldom much delightful about a crime. (Delito usually refers to a minor crime, as contrasted with a serious crime or crimen.) The feeling of delight can be a deleite, while the object that causes it an encanto or delicia (note that the lat ter word often has a sexual connotation).Desgracia: In Spanish, this is little more than a mistake or misfortune. Something shameful is una vergà ¼enza or una deshonra.Despertar: This verb is usually used in the reflexive form, meaning to wake up (me despierto a las siete, I wake up at seven). If youre desperate, theres a true cognate you can use: desesperado.Destituido: Someone who has been removed from office is destituido. Someone without money is indigente or desamparado.Disgusto: Derived from the prefix dis- (meaning not) and the root word gusto (meaning pleasure), this word refers simply to displeasure or misfortune. If you need to use a much stronger term akin to disgust, use asco or repugnancia.Embarazada: It might be embarrassing to be pregnant, but it isnt necessarily. Someone who feels embarrassed tiene vergà ¼enza or se siente avergonzado.Emocionante: Used to decribe something thats thrilling or emotionally moving. To say emotional, the cognate emocional will often do fine.En absoluto: This phrase means the opposite of what you think it might, meaning not at all or absolutely not. To say absolutely, use the cognate totalmente or completamente.Éxito: Its a hit or a success. If youre looking for the way out, look for una salida.Fà ¡brica: Thats a place where they fabricate items, namely a factory. Words for cloth include tejido and tela.Fà ºtbol: Unless in a context that indicates otherwise, this means soccer. If you want to refer to the popular U.S. spectator sport, use fà ºtbol americano.Fà ºtil: This refers to something trivial or insignificant. If your efforts are futile, use ineficaz, vano or inà ºtil.Insulacià ³n: This isnt even a word in Spanish (although you may hear it in Spanglish). If you want to say insulation, use aislamiento.Ganga: Its a bargain. Although ganga may be heard in Spanglish as a word for gang, the usual word is pandilla.Inconsecuente: This adjective refers to something that is contradictory. Something inconseque ntial is (among other possibilities) de poca importancia.Introducir: This isnt truly a false cognate, for it can be translated as, among other things, to introduce in the sense of to bring in, to begin, to put, or to place. For example, se introdujo la ley en 1998, the law was introduced (put in effect) in 1998. But its not the verb to use to introduce someone. Use presentar.Largo: When referring to size, it means long. If its big, its also grande.Minorista: Means retail (adjective) or retailer. A minority is una minorà ­a.Molestar: The verb doesnt usually have sexual connotations in Spanish, and it didnt originally in English either. It means simply to bother or to annoy. For the sexual meaning of to molest in English, use abusar sexualmente or some phrase that says more precisely what you mean.Once: If you can count past 10, you know that once is the word for eleven. If something happens once, it happens una vez.Pretender: The Spanish verb doesnt have anything to do with faking i t, only to try. To pretend, use fingir or simular.Rapista: This is an uncommon word for a barber (peluquero or even the cognate barbero is more common), being derived from the verb rapar, to cut close or to shave. Someone who attacks sexually is a violador.Realizar, realizacà ³n: Realizar can be used reflexively to indicate something becoming real or becoming completed: Se realizà ³ el rascacielos, the skyscraper was built. To realize as a mental event can be translated using darse cuenta (to realize), comprender (to understand) or saber (to know), among other possibilities, depending on the context.Recordar: Means to remember or to remind. The verb to use when recording something depends on what youre recording. Possibilities include anotar or tomar nota for writing something down, or grabar for making an audio or video recording.Revolver: As its form suggests, this is a verb, in this case meaning to turn over, to revolve, or otherwise to cause disorder. The Spanish word for rev olver is close, however: revà ³lver.Ropa: Clothing, not rope. Rope is cuerda or soga.Sano: Usually means healthy. Someone who is sane is en su juicio or in his right mind.Sensible: Usually means sensitive or capable of feeling. A sensible person or idea can be referred to as sensato or razonable.Sensiblemente: Usually means perceptibly or appreciably, sometimes painfully. A good synonym for sensibly is sesudamente.Sopa: Soup, not soap. Soap is jabà ³n.Suceso: Merely an event or happening, sometimes a crime. A success is un à ©xito.Tuna: Order this at a desert restaurant and youll get edible cactus. A tuna is also a college musical glee club. The fish is atà ºn. Especially in the United States, Spanish doesnt exist in a vacuum. In the United States, you may hear some speakers, especially those who frequently speak Spanglish, use some of these false cognates when speaking Spanish. A few of these usages may be creeping into the language elsewhere, although they would still be considered substandard.

Newton’s Laws of Motion in Modern Aircrafts - 1087 Words

The world today requires multiple ways of transport, especially over the Atlantic Ocean. During and before the 1900’s, transatlantic travels were very common and are mainly carried out via boats. However, due to the revolutionary change by the Wright brothers, in 1903, the creation of the propeller planes made shorter travel time between one country to another possible. As technology develops, the transportation of cargo and passengers via airplanes became easier and more efficient with the replacement of jet engines in July 16, 1949, by the famous inventor Frank Whittle (FindtheData, n.d.). The principles behind how a jet-engine powered aircraft works associate with many laws of physics, from Newton’s Law of Inertia to the Third Law of†¦show more content†¦Due to the high speed rotation of the fans and turbines in the engine and the incredibly high operating temperature, (Wickerson, J. 2011) the materials needed to sustain the dramatic speed and temperature a re highly expensive. Not only that, but the engines must have a low mass, so it doesn’t effect the total mass of the aircraft, meaning the funding costs will be incredibly high, an estimate of US$2 million. Continuing from that, is the high usage of fuel to power the engines, as they need to be powered constantly, than a fluctuating load. (Brain, M. 2000) Although the cost for the development of jet engines are expensive, it is very useful for transcontinental jet aircrafts, and it is worth the money to allow further developments, such as the increase in fuel efficiency, allowing a higher max endurance. Secondly, â€Å"air transport’s contribution to climate change represents 2%† (CleanSky, n.d.) meaning the Carbon emission is high. Each year, aircrafts traveling across the world produce an estimate of 628,000,000 tonnes of CO2 annually. Not only does aircrafts pollute the skies with harmful emission, but it also causes noise pollution. (Amin, Z. n.d.) These are caused by the jet engines, the consumption of the fuel, and the process of the air going through the fans and turbines due to Newton’s second law of motion, there are consequences towards the usage of aircrafts. Hong Kong’s International Airport is named number 10 in the world as one of the world’sShow MoreRelatedMotion and Car Safety762 Words   |  3 PagesMotion is how everything in the universe moves, movement of the solar system never stops and is constantly moving but at a very slow speed. There are three laws in motion that explain movement, they are the Newton’s three laws o f motion named after Isaac Newton. The Newton’s first law states that an object that is a rest will stay at rest unless an outside force is acted upon it and an object that is in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force is acted upon it. This is also called as â€Å"inertia†Read MoreThe Phenomenon of Motion in Physics892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word motion in terms of physics from ‘a simple movement’ to ‘a change in position, if acted upon by an unbalanced force’. In modern physics, motion is the change in position of an object with respect to its time and its reference point. Motion can be described as both scalar and vector quantity in relation to displacement, speed, direction, velocity, acceleration and time. If an object in not changing its position over time, then it is said to be in a stationary position. Every motion in the universeRead MorePhysics Journals1967 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿2.4 Galileo Galilei: Sixteenth-Century â€Å"New Scientist† 1. In your own words explain why Albert Einstein considered Galileo to be the â€Å"father of modern science† Albert Einstein considered Galileo to be the father of modern science because of how many of Galileo’s discoveries have become the basis of today’s science. 2. Why did Galileo choose to use a ramp to perform his acceleration experiment? Technology during Galileo’s time was still quite primitive. His experiment which required him to dropRead MoreEvolution and Mechanical Functionality of Aeronautical Propulsion Systems2855 Words   |  12 Pagespropulsion systems, from the early attempts at propulsion to modern propulsion system such as propeller, internal combustion engine, ramjet engine and gas turbine. As this report will focus of aeronautical propulsion systems, rocket propulsion systems are almost exclusively involved in astronautics and will not be discussed. As an engineer will have to decide the best combination of engine and thrust device to attach to an aircraft. This report covers the technical developments in the advancementRead MoreGerman Secret Weapons of World War II 1251 Words   |  5 Pagesdelayed entering the war a few more months, this would have allowed the Germans enough time to produce large amounts of these jet airplanes, and the outcome would certainly have been different or too close for comfort. German technology advances in modern warfare were more of a danger to the world that many would like to admit. We are very fortunate that Adolf Hitler made the mistakes he made in the design and production of these advanced airplanes. Adolf Hitler was responsible for making decisionsRead MorePhysics research helicopters1583 Words   |  7 Pagesemail me to let me know before September! How Helicopters Fly http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/helicopter6.htm Imagine that we would like to create a machine that can simply fly straight upward. Lets not even worry about getting back down for the moment -- up is all that matters. If you are going to provide the upward force with a wing, then the wing has to be in motion in order to create lift. Wings create lift by deflecting air downward and benefiting from the equal and oppositeRead MoreThe Following Chapter Discusses Background Information1685 Words   |  7 Pagesdesigns of rotary-winged aircrafts. Now known as the Da Vinci Helix, the design embodied the basic concepts of modern-day helicopters. Although it is unclear whether he built a successful model, the idea that a spiral wing device that turned fast enough to lift the device into the air was unheard of at the time [2]. Unlike conventional airplanes, rotary-winged aircrafts have a fundamental advantage in that lift and control are relatively independent of forward speed. Rotary aircrafts do not need a runwayRead MoreAerofoil Design Xflr56185 Words   |  25 Pagesprogram can also be used as basic tool to show the users what will happen when some variables like Reynolds number, the AOA of the wings and the speed of the aircraft are changed and how it will affect the results and lift generated. This project report deals with the analysis of widely used airfoils in the modern aircrafts. In this analysis, the lift, drag, pressure profiles and their coefficients of the airfoils are been calculated using xflr5 program. These are obtained inRead MoreDaniel Bernoulli3176 Words   |  13 Pagesin  probability  andstatistics. Bernoullis work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world. In Physics :- He is the earliest writer who attempted to formulate a  kinetic theory of gases, and he applied the idea to explain  Boyles law.[2] He worked with Euler on  elasticity  and the development of the  Euler-Bernoulli beam equation.[9]  Bernoullis principle  is of critical use inaerodynamics.[4] Daniel Bernoulli, an eighteenth-century Swiss scientist, discovered that as the velocityRead MoreApplications of Physics For Different Industries Essays1950 Words   |  8 Pagesexplanations common to the most diverse behaviour. For example, physics explains why rainbows have colours, what keeps a satellite in orbit, and what atoms and nuclei are made of. The goal of physics is to explain as many things as possible using as few laws as possible, revealing natures underlying simplicity and beauty. Physics has been applied in many industrial fields, which include the air industry, construction industry, automobile industry, manufacturing industry and many others. All these industries

Misleading Advertisement free essay sample

In Australia’s ever growing business economy, contracts are becoming more evident in enforcing promises between parties. From contracts involving informal agreements (buying food from your local supermarket) to written documents concerning a legally binding agreement (buying and selling a block of land), contracts are in practically every concordat. The legal restrictions in relation to contract law are unclear with regards to company advertisement campaigns. The legal definition of misleading advertisements is undefined within the current Queensland Legislation, with businesses being unsure with how misleading differs from invitation to treat and puffery. This speech will therefore assess these legal terms, discuss how the punitive damages are inconsistent between cases and portray how the punishments aren’t deterring companies from producing misleading advertisement campaigns. Therefore portraying the inefficiencies within the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth), whilst providing a recommendation to improve the current contractual legislation. The legislation in relation to misrepresentation has been a controversial topic for years, becoming more efficient only in recent times within Australia. With significant alterations to the Trade Practices Act (1974) (Cth), it was renamed under the title Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth). Australian Consumer Law (Cth) is encompassed within the act under schedule 2, producing equality within terms of contract and consumer law within Australia. This new legislation is enforced by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), an independent regulatory body put in place by the Government. Covering the enforcement roles of the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) and a range of additional legislations within Australia (About the ACCC, 2011). The legislation covers all variations of advertisements including newspapers, television adverts and Internet sources to name a few. Amendments upon the Trade Practices Act (1974) (Cth) were enforced to produce a single, national law to protect consumers and ensure fair-trading in Australia. The ACL introduced new consumer protections, a national product safety system and a range of new enforcement powers for the ACCC. Producing some clarity understanding of misleading advertisement laws for both Australian consumers and businesses. Implementing breaches of $1. 1 million dollars for corporations and $220 000 for individuals. Whilst at the same time, the ACL introduced new remedies involving public warning notices and infringement notices (Amending Legislation, 2011). In return improving the overall effectiveness of misleading advertisement laws and regulations within Australia. The first issue is in relation to consumers and business organisations being somewhat unclear as to the difference between the contract law terms: misleading advertisement, puffery and invitation to treat, causing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) to be unclear and inefficient. Invitation to treat originates from the Latin phrase invitatio ad offerendum meaning ‘inviting an offer’. In other words classified as an expression of willingness to negotiate. Puffery refers to the advertisements that rely upon exaggerations and opinions with little credible evidence to support its obnoxious claims. Whilst misleading advertisement refers to the deliberate use of false or misleading material to negatively influence the public. These contract law terms are closely linked causing confusion within the courts, consumers and also business organisations. For example, there is no legal distinction between puffery and misleading advertisements, however puffery has received some latitude to advertisers and sellers (Advertising and Selling, 2007). However as the community has different beliefs and opinions, some puffery statements could be classed as misleading, causing conflicts within courts between the two parties. Whilst at the same time, invitation to treat negotiations can be classed as misleading towards consumers causing conflict between the parties. More structure and clarity is required within the legislation to remove the controversy between contract law terms. The Second issue is in relation to punitive punishments being inconsistent between cases within Australia, causing inefficiencies within the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth). Punishments awarded vary significantly for misleading advertisements, from $850 000 against Metricon Queensland to $3. 6 million upon the famous phone company Optus. For a company as successful as Metricon Queensland, an $850 000 fine wouldn’t leave a dent on the company, due to the fact that each of the advertised houses were valued at $307 483 (Metricon QLD Nailed for Misleading and Deceptive Conduct, 2012). Compared to a $3. 6 million fine which would be a wake up call for Optus, however the punishment is still less than 1% of the overall annual profit for the successful phone company (Battersby, 2012). Both of these successful organisations were repeat offenders, with Optus offending 11 times and Metricon Queensland misleading consumers throughout various times in 2009 and 2011. There are various cases where the punitive punishments are varied upon different companies similar to that of the Optus and Metricon Queensland cases, whilst at the same time enforcing insignificant punishments towards large businesses. The Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) needs to be amended to restrict inconsistencies between misleading advertisement cases. The third issue involves large organisations still receiving profit after large punitive punishments are implemented, causing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth) to be ineffective with enforcing misleading advertisement regulations. This is evident with Nissan after they were ordered to pay $20 000 in penalties for making a number of misleading representations towards the public. A single car sold by Nissan Australia is generally worth more than $20 000, causing the fine to be miniscule towards the overall profit and wellbeing of the company. Causing Nissan Australia to benefit financially from the misleading conduct portrayed throughout their advertisement campaigns (McCowen, 2012). Harvey Norman was also slammed with $1. 25 million in punishments for severe misleading advertisement campaigns in 2011 (Mallya, 2011). However Harvey Normans profit rose 9% in the same year, totalling a profit of $252 million. Portraying that the $1. 25 million punishment is equivalent to less than 1% of Harvey Norman’s total earnings for the year (Harvey Norman Profits up 9 per cent, 2011). Portraying that punitive punishments are not financially disadvantaging large organisations, forcing the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) to be inefficient in deterring misleading advertisement cases. Many methods can be implemented within the current legislation to improve and reduce misleading advertising cases within Australia. With analysis of these three issues revolving around the Competition and Consumer Act (2010) (Cth), it is believed that for any reduction in misleading advertisement cases to occur, the following recommendations should be considered and implemented. Firstly, the contract law legislation in relation to misleading advertisements needs to become more clear and efficient with the contract law terms. Providing clarity in terms of invitation to treat and also speculating the difference between puffery and misleading advertisement. Ensuring that business owners clearly understand that a ‘normal’ person viewing their advertisement campaign is required to fully understand the terms and conditions of any contractual agreement. Therefore reducing the significant amount of misrepresentation cases within Australia. Secondly, to enforce equity upon all misleading advertisement cases, a certain value or percentage of a company’s annual income should be implemented as punishment. This will create consistent punitive punishments across the board, creating not one single fine, which is either to, insignificant or too large. A figure around 5% of a company’s annual profit would be a stiff reminder to both small and large organisations to not mislead the public through means of advertisement campaigns. The only way to deter organisations from misleading the public, is to set significant penalties which will in return affect the net profit of large companies. This can be seen in Switzerland and Finland where the countries calculate there speeding fines by 5% of the defendants overall income. Causing reduction in speeding cases within these countries, due to the increased punitive punishments (Bellemare, 2013).

Politics free essay sample

The functions of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners and the extent, to which they perform their functions in Nigeria, formed the main focus of this paper. The paper used the actualization of electoral campaign promises by politicians to base its discussion and evaluate how the mass media, politicians and politics have performed as functional units of the Nigerian society to achieve these promises. The paper adopted the Pluralist Functionalist theory and the Agenda Setting theory to support its position and discussion. Findings revealed that politics and politicians to a large extent have failed in delivering their campaign promises to the electorate in Nigeria and the mass media and its practitioners who are meant to be the â€Å"watch dog† of the society and the government are not doing much, and has seemingly assumed the position of â€Å"dog watch†. This according to the paper is mainly due to the culture of greed that has slowly crept into our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper is however quick to add that the situation is not all negative, politics in Nigeria is improving and the mass media though not utilizing its full potentials has contributed to its growth and held the politicians accountable to some of their campaign promises to the masses but more still needs to be done on the part of all. The paper concludes that our value culture in Nigeria needs proper re-orientation- people who have failed in government or politicians who have siphon public funds should not be celebrated and the freedom of information law recently passed by the National Assembly should be fully implemented to enable the mass media practitioners monitor the activities of politicians even better. INTRODUCTION: Society is a complex structure that is made up of different organs that work in unison to help it attains its goals and aspiration in an atmosphere of peace and unity. The successes recorded in the cause of achieving societal goals translate in general into the developmental success of a nation. This common assumption can be observed in all societies of the world and Nigeria is by no means exempted from this assertion. Key element in the development of any nation is determined by how well the major players involve in the actualization of its policies perform their responsibilities. In Nigeria, one could easily identify these key elements to include: politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners. Though there are several others but these four shall be the focus of this paper. The question that readily comes to mind is how well the four elements (politics, politician, mass media and practitioners) as vital elements in the development process perform their functions in Nigeria? What is the relationship between politics, politician, mass media and practitioners as it relates to their performing the functions the nation and society in particular expects of them? CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION: For the purpose of understanding it is important to demystify the following concepts as it relates to their usage in this paper in other to place the reader on a better pedestal to follow this discourse. Politics: can simply be describe as the market place or arena where ideas on public policies, societal goals and the best approaches to achieving those goals are bought, sold, discussed and debated in an organized forum. It is the blueprint machinery that shapes the development direction of a nation. The Greek philosopher Aristotle describes man as a â€Å"political animal†. This invariably means that man cannot separate himself from politics, the activities of politics will affect him one way or another. Ekeanyanwu and Adekoya (2008) assert that the term politics originated from the greek word â€Å"polis† which refers to the political community and the debates on matters of public interest. Politicians: politician are the active players in politics, they include those in elected position of authority in the society or those seeking elective offices, active political parties card carrying member, those who possess political charisma and are involved in mass mobilization and demobilization for political office seekers or political parties. Microsoft Encarta, (2009) defined a politician as somebody active in politics or somebody who actively or professionally engages in politics. Mass Media: they are the technological base use in disseminating mass mediated messages. They can be sub-divided into print (newspaper, magazine and books) and electronic media (radio and television). They provide a medium through which messages can be disseminated to a large audience with a high level of simultaneity. Mass Media Practitioners: are those who are professionally trained to make use of the mass media in the process of gathering, processing and dissemination of information and ideas. Society, Nation and Nigeria shall be use inter-changeably in this paper. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: This paper is anchored on two theories that critically examined the functions of the mass media in society and the role the mass media should play in its relationship with other organs of society. The paper therefore, finds relevance in the Pluralist Functionalist Theory and the Agenda Setting Theory. The pluralist functionalist theory otherwise known structural functionalism or social system theory, holds that a society is like a system which is made up of many parts with each of these parts contributing to the overall maintenance of the whole. As the part within the society interact, they inevitably affect one another, (light and keller 1998) in Iwokwagh (2005). The pluralist considers the society to be consisted of pluralist of interest values, views, opinions, institutions etc none of which is predominant over another. In this concept therefore the mass media are seen as part of the social institutions competing with other institutions in the society basically functioning to maintain a stable ordered society. Under this theory the mass media serve society by creating public opinion that is favourable to the growth and development of society. The agenda setting theory according to McComb and Shaw (1974) posit that the emphasis the mass media places on an issue influences the audience to also view the issue as important. The media attach certain weight to news stories through placement, size and frequency of appearance of such stories. Agenda setting posit that audience learn these salient issues from the news media, thus incorporating a similar set of weights and important into their own personal agenda. (Ekeanyanwu, 2007). Kunczik, (1988) cited by Folarin, (1998, p. 67) points out that the opportunity for agenda-setting by the mass media becomes enhanced when the value structure of a society is in a state of flux. The two theories found their relevance in this paper in the sense that the mass media as captured in the pluralist functionalist theory are organs that are part of the super-structure of society and are expected to perform their functions in a manner that will positively affect the other organs of society to achieve the general will being of society- by translation the nation. These functions can be efficiently and effectively performed using the agenda setting principle which raises areas of conflict or matters affect society to the plain of discussion for them to be addressed by the relevant stake holders in the society. Issues bothering on politics, politicians, and even the mass media and its practitioners can be brought to the front burner for discussion and debate with society all the better for it. DISCUSSION OF THE PAPER: This paper shall be discussed using the delivery of campaign promises by politicians and the effort of the mass media in holding them to be accountable to such campaign promises and evaluate how politics, politician, mass media and practitioners have performed their functions in the Nigerian society using a holistic approach that is in line with the tenants of the two theories used in this paper. THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA AND ITS PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIETY. The mass media perform very vital role in society which serve both society and the various institution of government. These functions are presented by Dominic, (1994) he summits that for society to exist, certain communication needs must be met. These needs include: †¢ surveillance †¢ Interpretation function †¢ Linkage †¢ transmission of values †¢ Entertainment Surveillance refers to news and information role of the media. The media has taken the position of sentinel (people who scanned the environment and report danger in the primitive age) in modern society. The media gathers information about happenings in society and report to members of the society who may not have had the opportunity to get such information on their own. Recent happenings in Nigerian society such as bomb blast and kidnapping and most recently the flood disaster in Lagos, Kebbi, Sokoto and Bauchi are carefully followed by the media and society is kept abreast with latest development as they unfold. Dominic, (1994) divide the surveillance function of the mass media into two: (a) warning or beware surveillance, this occurs when the media inform us about threat from hurricanes, erupting volcanoes, depressed economic conditions, increase in inflation or military attacks etc. (b) instrumental surveillance, this has to do with the transmission of information that is useful and helpful to ever one’s life. Examples, news about what films are playing in local theatres stock market prices, new product, fashion ideas etc. This function of the mass media is very relevant in assess the extent the mass media have perform their functions in society especially as it relates to the activities of politics and politicians. This shall be fully discusses later in this paper has performed. Similarly, Sambe, (2005) commenting further on the surveillance function of mass media opines that the mass media are the eyes and ears of the public. News media provide information and alert us of the changes that take place around us. He further allude that in performing its surveillance function, therefore, the mass media in Nigeria keep watch over the government, its three arms and the entire society, so as to keep their performance up to the standard that would encourage development of the country. Interpretation function- the mass media does not supply just fact and data. They also provide information on the meaning and significance of those events. The most obvious example of this function according to Dominic can be found on the editorial pages of newspapers. Interpretation, comment, and opinion are provided for the readers so that he or she can gain added perspectives on the news stories carried on the other pages of the news paper. Analysis of the causes behind a particular event or discussion of implication of government policies are also examples of the interpretation functions of mass communication in society. Linkages- the mass are able to join together by interpersonal channels elements of society that are not directly connected. For example mass advertising attempt to like the needs of buyers with the products of sellers. Another type of linkage occurs when geographically separated groups that share common interest are linked by the media. This was exemplified in the recent political happenings the Middle East where with the aid of the mass media and social network and community or citizen journalism, news about the Islamic revolution that started in Egypt was spread to other nation of the Arab world as a result of the linkage offered by mass media. It has given members of the society with a common cause the ability to co-ordinate themselves and carryout action in unison. Transmission of values- this is also another important function of the mass media in society, by watching, listening and reading, we learn what values are important to emulate and the ones to abandon. The mass media in performing these functions also help building our political culture and political awareness. An Evaluation of how Politics, Politicians, Mass Media and Practitioners have performed Their Functions in Nigeria. How the three element identified in the sub-head above perform their functions in Nigeria present a very unique scenario that leaves much room for complain in Nigeria. Politics in its ideal state is a platform that is used to discuss matters of public interest and where such matters are debated for a better public understanding to encourage effective participation. However, politics in Nigeria has been characterized by â€Å"godfatherism† violence, assassination and played by taking undue advantage of ethnic, religious regional and zonal dichotomy. The violence that erupted in Kaduna, Bauchi, Niger and a few other Northern states in the aftermath of the 2011 president election which led to serious loss of lives especially those of Natinal Youth Service Corp member and the colossal destruction of parties is a clear example of how politics is played in our society. The assassination of Chief Bola Ige, Harry Marshall, Funsho Williams, Kudirat Abiola just to mention a few are those who have met their tragic end in the dangerous minefield of Nigerian politics. Political discussion which is supposed to be a forum for the presentation of political policies and ideas to the public has become fatal ground for expression of bitterness, accusations and counter-accusations by politicians. Political rallies that is meant to be an opportunity for politicians to present their manifestoes and â€Å"sell† their ideas and intended policies to the electorate has become a ground for the abuse of philanthropy where rice, Maggie cubes, recharge card vouchers, money and under incentives are distributed. Politicians make a lot of mouth watering promises to the people during electioneering campaigns but utterly forget such promises as soon as they get into power and little or no attention is given to the needs and yearnings of the society and the electorate that elected them. For instance former President Olusegun Obasanjo promised to solve the nagging issue of poor power supply in the country during the first tenure of his government but eight years later with millions of Naira supposedly spent on the power sector the problem remained the same. Also the government of former Governor George Akume now Senator in Benue State claimed to have built a juice process factory and eight years after his government and almost five years in to the government of Governor Gabriel Suswam the factory still remain a mirage and the anticipated employment it would have generated for the teeming Benue indigenes has remained an elusive dream. Similarly, the government of President Goodluck Jonathan promised an eighteen per cent minimum wage for Nigeria workers and for well over one years the government has been unable to fulfill this promise even when abour decided to go on a three days warning strike but called it off as a result of interest in compliance shown by the government their subsequent meeting with the representative of the government still hit a deadlock. Lamenting on this situation, Nsikak, (2008) decries that: Governance in Nigeria is a monologue of the ruling class, by the ruling class and for the ruling class. He further added th at the ruling class or political class as they are otherwise called has no sense of being beholden to the electorate, in fact, its legitimacy dos not emanate from the electorate. It legitimacy as it were, derives from an intricate web of electoral subterfuge, ethno-political nepotism, and the brazen use of the apparatus of state for conquest and personal aggrandizement. This monolithic situation has left most Nigerians at the mercy of the elected politicians who occupy most of the â€Å"juicy† offices in our society. One might purse to ask. What is the role of the media in all of these? Because it has been commonly observed that most politicians make promises during campaign that were never met and claim completion of project the non-existence. The mass media must and should go out to investigate in campaign promises are being made and if the promises time from has expired it should brought to the plain of discussion using the agenda setting mechanism to call the attention of such politician in government about such promises or policies to be implemented or further debated by the public. Giving credence to this position, Budge-Reid, (1999) cited in Akpan, (2008) emphasizes that the importance of public policy discussion and alert o the dangers in the failure to debate publicly: â€Å"making sustainable policy that is not subjected to informed public debate is rarely sustainable. Media should be at the heart of policy making reflecting and communicating debate†. To further buttress this point, Grabber, (1995) further argues that through high quality, thoughtful comments and debate on public issues, the mass media play a key role in supporting good policies and building decent society. To have a clear grasp of the contribution the mass media perform in the political setting of a nation, Gurevitch, and Blumler, (1977, p. 274) rightly comment that the structural root of the power of the mass media springs from their unique capacity to deliver to the politician an audience which, in size and composition, is unavailable to him by any other means. Indeed, the historical significance of the growing role of mass communication in politics lies, among other things, in the resulting enlargement of the receiver base to such an extent that previous barriers to audience involvement (e. . low level of education and weak political interest) have been largely over come and the audience for political communication has become virtually co-terminus with membership of society itself. Akpan, (2008) further added that the mass media are not expected, professionally to wait until the policy maker who may be uncomfortable that the mass media mass may rival him or become too critical of hi s proposals to inform them of issues. This submission by Akpan makes investigative journalism a very important tool in the hands of the Nigerian mass media practitioners. Though the mass media are trying but more needs to be done in this area. A situation where a government or politicians forward news items or advertorials through their press secretary to the media on projects or policies that have been completed on implemented, the media must do follow-up to ensure that such news are truthful and not to simply collect the money and look the other way as it is commonly done. The mass media to a large extent may have allowed itself to be internalized into projecting the views of what Karl Marx refers to as the dominant class (those who control economic and political power) at the expense of the masses by not adequately holding politicians to their campaign promises. Though argument have been put forward that the mass media and its practitioners has not been given the adequate freedom and enabling environment to function but in contrast to this arguments is the way the mass media come together to fight the military junta to a standstill and were able to do so under dictatorial tendencies in the past. Why is it difficult to achieve such height under a democratic regime? It is the submission of this paper that the failure of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners in the performance of their functions in Nigeria owes to a large extent to the culture of greed which has slowly but largely finds its way into the fabric of the Nigerian society. It is due to share greed and the crude and ridiculous accumulation of wealth that will drive a politician to siphon funds that is meant for the provision of public infrastructures in the manner in which they do. Even the mass media is not speared in this negative crave for wealth, issues of brown envelop has been a cause of concern for media practitioners and stake holders in the industry. The picture though seems negative, but the performance of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners is not all negative. Politics despite its short comings in Nigeria seem to have remained stable since its inception in 1999, the politician both in the military and democratic era have succeeded in maintaining the unity of Nigeria and assert her position of influence in Africa. We have witness crisis that could have led to war or total anarchy in other smaller nations but the country has managed to stay together even in the wake of religious crisis, tribal war, militancy and Boko Haram, however, many Nigerians have continue to question the high price this togetherness is costing the Nigerian society. The government has been able to reduce our foreign debt by persuasively getting the Paris Club to cancel some of our debt; this has given the Nigerian economy some sigh of relief. We have also witness some level of improvement in the polity, the 2011 election has been adjudged by both local and international observers as largely free and fair unlike the previous two in the last twelve years (2003 and 2007) that were describe as monumental failure, characterized by rigging and intimidations and a clear use of state apparatus and naked power. The mass media have also tried despite its shortcomings and the difficult terrain it has been forced to operate to promote and entrench the value of democracy in the society. One cannot be too quick to forget the role the mass media played in the coming of the democracy we are enjoying in the nation today. Many media organizations were shot down, proscribe with so many editors and reporters forced to go into hiding but yet the media never give up until democratic rule was returned in the country. The mass media and its practitioners have also tried in the area of exposing corruption and fraud in the country. The News Watch magazine exposure of the certificate forgery of the then speaker of the Federal House of Representative Salisu Buhari, which eventually led to his removal from office and the age controversy scandal of the former Senate President Evans Ewerem are all credited to the investigative activities of the mass media. CONCLUSION: The Nigeria society as it relates to the activities of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners is indeed improving though it may not be at the pace most Nigerians want but there is visible improvement in the polity. The 2011 elections were done in a much more transparent atmosphere with people more willing to vote and stay back to witness their being counted. This was a as a result of the improvement in the political structure, the political awareness created by the mass media and the return of the peoples confident in their ballot and if this situation is maintained and improved upon the politicians will equally change the way they play politics. Similar view is also shared by Ari-Veikko (1997) when he concludes that the field of relevant agents with their power and exchange relations is becoming increasingly diffuse. This is due to the wide range of contextual changes. Politicians are not immune to them. On the contrary, they are at the very core of this transformational process. Politicians relations to citizens (and voters), business communities and the representatives of interest groups form as such an instance of mediated and aggregated modes of societal interaction. Mass communication, political marketing, electronic democracy and related means of communication are changing politicians roles. They are to serve as visionary representatives of people and of mediators of people and legitimate policy interventions in conditions of uncertainty and disorganized social relations. Moreover, the changing internal structure of the political sphere has its impact on politicians’ interrelatedness at different levels of government. We also see the relative freedom being enjoyed by the mass media, being used to give the Nigerians masses a platform to express their views on political event and also giving more access to political analylist to comment on happenings in the country which will help to increase the awareness level of the citizenries and keep government on its toe. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. There is need for the politics of money that is played in Nigeria to be de-emphasized to encourage those who might want to participate actively in politics to do so without having to depend on â€Å"money bags† or having to take huge loans from banks or even going to the extent of selling their personal assets, a situation that only encourages corruption when they get into office because they must recover the money spent. It is needless to mention this scenario also discourage well meaning individual to participate in politics because of the cost implications. . The mass media should be allowed to perform it functions without fear or intimidation. The freedom of information law recently passed must be fully enforced to enable the mass media perform more efficiently and effectively. 3. People who have stolen public funds through their position of authority should be made to face the full wroth of the law. The society and indeed the mass media should not celebrate such person.

Mission, Vision, and Goals free essay sample

My mission in life is to be happy with the way my life turned out. Yes, I would love to have a lot of money and to be known, but whats the point of having all of that when Im not happy that I have it? Most people mistake being grateful for happiness. Wrong! Many of the rich and famous are grateful for what they have, but not all are happy with it. No matter how my life turns out, I just want to be happy. Whether I am a homeless woman living in a shelter, or a successful entrepreneur living in a million dollar home, I just want to be happy!! Five-ten years from now, I see myself working on my clothing line and generating a good amount of sales. I see myself getting talked about in some of the hottest fashion magazines saying that I am one of the hottest successful plus size fashion designers around. We will write a custom essay sample on Mission, Vision, and Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this time I hope to have a high rolling website for my line, and that I have a huge amount of customers that buy my items. I would also love to have at least one- two fashion boutiques fully designed and fully staffed. Being a fashion designer is my main career goal. I do not see myself being anything but a designer. Fifteen-twenty years from now, I see myself being in runway shows showing off all of my fabulous designs. I see luxurious clothing stores all across the map with my brand name a logo on the front. My stores will be fabulous and glamorous like Gucci, Guess, Coach, and Juicy Couture. My clothing will be very elegant and formal. Celebrities, both small and plus size will be flaunting my designs to the Grammys, Oscars, VMAs, and more. My name will be everywhere. I have a dream to be compared to other famous designer brands like Prada, Dior, Christian Louboutin, Vera Wang, Fendi and more! I want celebreties to specifically request me and my company to design an exclusive garment for a special occasion such as a wedding. Today, I am studying business management at Johnson and Wales University. My financial aid has recently put me in a position where unfortunately, I will most likely not be attending school next year. Instead, I will be working and saving money, so that I can go to a fashion school and get a fashion degree. While I am working during the summer, I play to buy a sewing machine, and teach myself how to sew clothes. I have been looking to buy a mannequin dress form, but unfortunately they range from $95 to nearly $500, so I have decided to make my own. I will be doing a small project where I will make my own mannequin dress form of my best friends body. My plan to help me get a better understanding of the fashion world, is to be an intern at a fashion company. I hope to land my first job as a fashion assistant, either before I go to fashion school (if Im lucky) or after I receive my degree. Fashion is a huge part of my life, and no matter what obstacles come in my way like not being able to attend school next year, I will make my dreams of becoming a fashion designer come true!

Essay on The art educationEssay Writing Service

Essay on The art educationEssay Writing Service Essay on The art education Essay on The art educationThe art education began in the late 19th century and, since then, has become really important in our society. A lot of parents suggest their children to start learning art at preschool because art education becomes an inseparable part of education.   People learn art at school, also outside school, no matter in which country they   are. I, for example, have been at art since preschool: my parents used to send me to Art Education School every week because they thought art would train child’s attention and focus. Also, since preschool I have never given up art till the present moment. I have had lots of experience connected with art because I attended art school and I’m really interesting in art.Due to the course of Art Education I have been acquainted with an artist called Stuart Werle, who teaches Design class in Ontario College of Art and Design. He’s a great designer of packaging design and also a good teacher to share his experien ce on his subject. One of his first lectures Stuart began with some funny jokes to â€Å"break the ice† between him and students. As a result, the students got relaxed and got ready for the class. Then, he started from the schedule of the day, introduction of the plan for that period. It was the following: 1) checking the attendance, 2) discussion of the assignment, 3) lecture, and, at the end, 4) one-to-one discussion.Good organization of the timetable for the art education is important, and art educator must   prepare well for the lectures before the class. Art educator, Stuart usually passes away the attendant sheet to let student sign in their names. In my opinion, passing around the attendants’ sheet allows the students to have more freedom to attend this course or not, and it is a good way to start the class. One of Stuart’s techniques in teaching is his introduction of the assignment: he discusses the assignment using a projector. He reads the assignmen t thoroughly by himself and explains the text of the assignment in detail, then hands out the assignment sheet making sure each student understands the content of the assignment. After discussion of the assignment, the educator has a lecture on packaging design and its correlation to business. He describes how important the interaction between packaging design and business is. He does not stand up while holding the class, he sits at the computer behind the projector. I think this position is good, as he is able to control the PowerPoint presentation, however, when he wants to share his own experience and opinion, he would stand up and use gesticulation to make the lecture more interesting and impressive. â€Å"Teaching is a performance art. Teachers do many things whose only purpose is to enable other people to learn, whether those people are physically present or otherwise. â€Å" (Introduction, Theory, Practice, the element of teaching   23), Using body language while sharing some experience or opinion represents the art of performance. It works because the body gesture catches every student’s attention.During his lecture time, Stuart likes to give an example to let the students think on it.   He usually prepares a real study case of the brand for the packaging design. For example, he lists the brief model of the pop tart to teenagers, analyzes business peculiarities of the brand and asks students the questions related to the brand. Of course, Stuart will answer the question at the end of the discussion. At the end of the lecture, Stuart asks students to sign their names on the blackboard for the one-to-one discussion. The benefits of the one-to-one discussion are the following for the students: they have face to face contact with the teacher, express their own opinion and share   their ideas with the instructor. Moreover, the instructor is able to know how much each student has learned or what has inspired this student during his lecture. Stu dent, in his/her turn, can ask him questions during the one-to-one discussion.The second class from the schedule which I attended that day was the Assignment Critique. The format of the Critique is very similar to my courses: the Critique is an exhibition of students’ artworks. All of the art products are displayed on the table: students stand up and look at the pieces. The format of the class was the following: he randomly chose one piece and let students talk about their impressions, and the artist of the piece had to speak out at the end of other students’ discussion. Most of the pieces were awesome; Stuart would share his opinion during the Critique because he wants his students to improve themselves. Ability to share and communication skills are the most important qualities for an art educator, because they allow the art educator and the students grow and develop together. The students feel good for their artworks because the Critique is not the place for people t o criticize any artwork, but the place to share and learn from each other.Art Education differs from other courses such as Business or Mathematic. At the class of Art Education there is no right or wrong answer, all art pieces should get people’s respect because all artworks made by the students are full of love and meaning.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, to become a great art educator, it is necessary to learn from other educators to get more experience. Looking at Stuart Werle’s methods of work, I have learned how to prepare for the class and organize the schedule before the class, create interesting activities or prepare some jokes to â€Å"break the ice†, and teach using bright examples to inspire the learners to learn thoroughly and understand the material more deeply. A good educator should take care of each student, speak louder to make sure that students at the back of the class can hear well. Each art educator should find out his or her own way to teach his subject. Perhaps, it is necessary to spend more time in order to find out a good way, but observing other art educators I have learned a lot and have been greatly inspired by them

Developing Interdisciplinary curriculum materials Essay

Developing Interdisciplinary curriculum materials - Essay Example guage has resulted in efforts to expand and improve second language education, since knowing only English is as much a disadvantage as is knowing no English at all.2 This must be the basis upon which lessons are designed so that students are convinced of the need to learn a second language within the framework of rapid globalization. Gough has especially highlighted the importance of critical thinking skills in the new era of globalization : â€Å"If students are to function successfully in a highly technical society, then they must be equipped with life long learning and thinking skills necessary to acquire and process information in an ever changing world.†3 The Year level for this test that comprises a written and an oral component is Level 6 – year level of 9 or 10 and will also test cognitive thinking skills. These are group based tasks with three members in each group. The topic for this lesson is â€Å"Tourism and Culture†. Interdisciplinary links will be history, technology, science and environment. The students will see pictures of tourist spots in Sumatra, which will be shown to them through a series of power point slides. The slides will include shots of the volcanic crater, Lake Toba and the island that sits at its centre. Also included will be some slides of the beaches, and the tsunami destroyed area in the north province of Aceh. There are several wildlife reserves in Sumatra such as Bengkulu and Gedung Wani and the students will be shot pictures of tapir and other animals that may be viewed on safari in these parks. The slide show may consist of about 12 slides in total which will be shown three times with appropriate music and sound effects. This aspect will form the written part of the assignment. Once the slides have been viewed, the students will write a short essay listing the things that they have seen in the slide show. They will list the items and provide a brief description of what they have seen, while also relating it to the